Urinary Incontinence in Older People in Viet Nam: Building Dignified, Safe and Person-Centered Continence Care Across Care Settings
AGE-FRIENDLY CARE QUALITYLONG-TERM CARE QUALITY
Urinary Incontinence in Older People in Viet Nam: Building Dignified, Safe and Person-Centered Continence Care Across Care Settings
AGE-FRIENDLY CARE QUALITY & LONG-TERM CARE QUALITY
Last reviewed: October 2026
Urinary incontinence can appear to be a small problem compared with stroke, heart failure, dementia or cancer. For an older person living with it, however, its effects can reach into almost every part of daily life. Someone may stop visiting friends because they are afraid of leaking urine. They may deliberately drink less before leaving home, wake repeatedly at night, rush to the bathroom and fall, develop painful skin problems, or begin relying on absorbent products without ever telling a health professional what is happening.
Families may quietly reorganize daily life around the problem. A daughter may begin accompanying her mother everywhere. A spouse may wake several times each night to help with toileting. A paid caregiver may increasingly rely on an absorbent brief because it seems easier than helping the person reach the toilet.
At that point, urinary incontinence is no longer simply a bladder symptom. It has become an issue of function, mobility, dignity, safety, caregiver burden and quality of care.
This is why continence care belongs within the wider discussion about age-friendly, integrated and long-term care in Viet Nam. High-quality care should not begin and end with providing continence products. It should ask why leakage is occurring, whether potentially reversible contributors are present, what matters to the older person, what support could preserve continence or toileting independence, and how dignity and safety can be protected as needs change.
Urinary incontinence is common in later life, but it is not an inevitable part of aging
Urinary incontinence refers to involuntary leakage of urine. It becomes more common in later life, but it should not simply be accepted as an unavoidable consequence of getting older.
That distinction matters because normalizing the problem can delay assessment and support. An older person may think, “This happens to everyone at my age.” A family may assume that leakage simply means continence products are now permanently required. A caregiver may concentrate on cleaning and changing rather than asking whether treatment, rehabilitation or environmental support could reduce the problem.
WHO's second edition of the Integrated Care for Older People, or ICOPE, handbook gives urinary incontinence substantially greater prominence than the first edition. Published in 2025, it introduces a new dedicated urinary incontinence care pathway and incorporates continence into person-centered assessment alongside intrinsic capacity, social support and caregiver needs.
This is an important shift. Continence is not treated only as a specialist urological concern. It is recognized as part of integrated older-person care because bladder control interacts with mobility, cognition, psychological well-being, the environment and the ability to participate in everyday life.
Viet Nam has emerging local evidence, but not one national prevalence estimate
Recent nationally representative evidence on urinary incontinence among older people in Viet Nam remains limited. That data gap is important and should not be filled by taking a hospital or community study and presenting it as though it represents the entire country.
New Vietnamese evidence nevertheless confirms that continence problems are present in community populations. A 2026 prospective cohort study included 1,208 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older in Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City. Urinary incontinence was recorded in 15.1% of participants at baseline, with substantially higher proportions among participants with greater frailty.
This figure needs careful interpretation. The study was conducted in one urban district, urinary incontinence was not its primary epidemiological outcome, and the sample should not be used to claim that 15.1% is the national prevalence of urinary incontinence among older people.
The more defensible conclusion is that continence problems are already visible in Vietnamese community populations but remain insufficiently measured at national level.
Under-recognition is also plausible. Urinary incontinence is an intimate symptom, and older people may be reluctant to raise it during consultations focused on hypertension, diabetes or other diseases. Families may manage leakage informally with continence products, fluid restriction or increased assistance without seeking assessment.
For Viet Nam, urinary incontinence should therefore be understood as an important but still insufficiently measured older-person care and quality issue.
WHO ICOPE now provides a practical continence pathway
The new urinary incontinence pathway in WHO ICOPE 2nd Edition provides a useful model for thinking about care.
The starting point is deliberately simple: ask whether the older person has difficulty controlling the bladder, including accidental urine leakage. If the answer is yes, the response should not immediately become a discussion about how many pads or briefs are needed.
Assessment should consider how incontinence affects the person's life, the pattern of leakage, potentially reversible or modifiable contributors, health conditions, mobility and cognition, medicines, toilet access, the social and physical environment, the need for assistance and caregiver support.
WHO draws attention to contributors including abnormal fluid balance, constipation, inappropriate medicines, symptomatic urinary tract infection, delirium, mobility loss, diabetes and obesity. The pathway then links assessment to personalized intervention, reassessment and, when appropriate, further clinical or specialist input.
This framing is particularly useful in older-person care because it recognizes that urinary leakage may result from an interaction between the bladder, the person and the care environment.
Viet Nam already has practical foundations—but not yet a comprehensive continence pathway
Decision No. 1976/QĐ-BYT of 1 July 2026 provides professional guidance for caring for older people at home and in the community and contains detailed instructions on toileting and elimination support.
The guidance states that the care being provided should be explained and the older person's agreement obtained when assistance with toileting or changing absorbent products is needed. It addresses safe positioning, assistance in the bathroom, elimination at the bedside, bedside commodes, personal hygiene and observation of urine and stool. It also emphasizes cleanliness, comfort, safety and an appropriately private environment.
These are important foundations for safe and respectful daily care.
Decision 1976 should not, however, be described as a comprehensive Vietnamese clinical pathway for urinary incontinence. It is professional guidance for home- and community-based older-person care. It does not create one national pathway covering case finding, classification of incontinence, assessment of reversible contributors, behavioral intervention, specialist referral, follow-up and quality measurement.
The opportunity is therefore to connect Viet Nam's practical guidance on helping an older person toilet safely with a broader question: why is this person's continence changing, and what could improve it?
Dignity and privacy are part of continence care
Urinary incontinence is unusually sensitive because it involves bodily functions that most adults have managed privately throughout their lives. Loss of bladder control may therefore affect identity, confidence and dignity as much as physical health.
Within medical examination and treatment, Viet Nam's Law No. 15/2023/QH15 protects patients' dignity and private information and protects them from discrimination, mistreatment and abuse. In home- and community-based older-person care, Decision 1976 reflects similar principles through practical guidance on explanation, agreement, privacy and respectful assistance with intimate care.
These principles have very ordinary consequences. Privacy should be protected during toileting and changing. The person should be spoken to directly rather than discussed as though they are not present. Wet clothing or continence products should be changed appropriately rather than left until convenient for caregivers. Language that embarrasses or infantilizes the person should be avoided.
An adult who requires help using the toilet remains an adult.
The International Continence Society has similarly emphasized dignity in continence care for older people and identified practices such as using containment products as substitutes for toileting, failing to respond when someone needs help using the toilet, or leaving a person in wet or soiled products as serious quality concerns.
These are not minor hospitality issues. They are indicators of care quality.
Asking about incontinence can open the door to care
Many older people will not volunteer a bladder-control problem unless someone asks. A clinician can therefore conduct an otherwise thorough consultation without discovering that the patient has stopped leaving home because of fear of urinary leakage.
The first conversation does not need to be complicated. A health worker can ask whether urine ever leaks accidentally, whether leakage occurs with coughing or activity, whether sudden urgency makes reaching the toilet difficult, whether problems occur at night and how much the issue interferes with everyday life.
Wording matters. A question that feels judgmental may close the conversation, while one that normalizes discussion without normalizing the condition can make disclosure easier:
“Bladder-control problems are common and there may be things we can do to help. Has this been happening to you?”
Sensitive case finding is therefore not merely data collection. It is the first step in improving care.
Not all urinary incontinence is the same
Understanding the pattern matters because different mechanisms require different responses.
Urgency urinary incontinence involves leakage associated with a sudden compelling need to urinate that is difficult to defer. In older people, impaired mobility can turn urgency that might otherwise be manageable into an episode of incontinence.
Stress urinary incontinence involves leakage during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing or physical exertion, and is particularly common in women.
Mixed urinary incontinence combines features of stress and urgency incontinence.
Overflow-related leakage can occur when the bladder does not empty adequately, including in some people with urinary retention or obstruction.
Particularly important in older-person care is functional urinary incontinence. In these situations, the bladder may not be the only—or even the main—problem. Physical, cognitive or environmental barriers prevent the person from reaching or using the toilet in time.
Someone with severe arthritis may take too long to stand. A person recovering from stroke may be unable to transfer independently. An older person living with dementia may not recognize the toilet or manage clothing. A hospital patient attached to several medical devices may be unable to reach the bathroom safely.
A 2025 study of older women also found functional urinary incontinence associated with greater dependency, poorer nutritional status, reduced muscle strength and poorer balance and gait.
Continence care therefore cannot be separated from mobility and function.
New or worsening incontinence should prompt a search for what has changed
A sudden or substantial change in continence deserves assessment rather than being automatically attributed to aging.
WHO ICOPE asks clinicians to identify potentially contributing conditions and circumstances, including delirium, symptomatic urinary tract infection, inappropriate medicines, constipation, mobility loss, abnormal fluid balance, diabetes and obesity.
This is particularly important in hospital and post-acute care. An older person who suddenly becomes incontinent during an infection may be experiencing delirium and reduced mobility. A newly prescribed diuretic may increase urine production faster than the person can reach the toilet. Severe constipation may worsen bladder symptoms. Uncontrolled diabetes may increase urinary frequency.
If the response to every new episode is simply to add an absorbent product, an underlying health or functional problem may be missed.
Containment can sometimes be useful or necessary, but containment is not the same as continence assessment.
Some presentations need further clinical or specialist assessment
Urinary incontinence is a symptom, not one diagnosis.
WHO's ICOPE continence materials identify situations in which further investigation or specialist knowledge may be appropriate. These include a palpable bladder suggesting retention, a pelvic mass, visible blood in the urine, recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infection, a history of pelvic irradiation or pelvic surgery, suspected fistula, prolapse in women or a large prostate in men. Persistent incontinence despite several months of appropriate management may also justify specialist input.
The purpose of community case finding is not to turn every primary-care or community worker into a urologist. It is to ensure that common problems are recognized and supported while concerning, persistent or complex presentations reach appropriate clinical care.
Toilet access can matter as much as bladder function
An older person can have reasonable bladder control and still experience incontinence because the care environment makes timely toileting impossible.
The toilet may be too far from the bedroom. The route may be dark. Clothing may be difficult to remove quickly. A walking aid may be out of reach. The toilet may be too low. Staff may take too long to respond when assistance is requested.
WHO's ICOPE pathway therefore includes the physical and social environment in continence assessment.
This is particularly important when mobility is limited. Someone who requires ten minutes to reach the bathroom cannot respond to urinary urgency in the same way as someone who walks independently.
The solution may involve a bedside commode, better lighting, secure grab rails, easier clothing, improved mobility support or assistance at appropriate times. Decision 1976's practical guidance on toilet use, bedside elimination and portable commodes is directly relevant in this context.
A continence plan that assesses the bladder but ignores the route to the bathroom is incomplete.
Continence care and falls prevention belong together
Urinary urgency and nocturia can create a dangerous situation when an older person rushes to the toilet, particularly at night.
Poor lighting, sedating medicines, orthostatic hypotension and impaired balance can interact with urgency and increase fall risk. Vietnamese hospital research involving nine public hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City also found nocturia strongly associated with being in the inpatient fall group, although the observational design cannot establish that nocturia caused those falls.
The relationship also works in the opposite direction. Fear of falling may make someone delay toileting or rely increasingly on continence products even when toileting assistance could preserve greater independence.
A person repeatedly falling on the way to the bathroom therefore needs more than a fall-risk review. They also need a continence and toileting assessment.
Falls prevention and continence care should not operate as separate programs.
Cognitive impairment changes the approach, not the importance of continence
Dementia creates particular challenges in continence care. A person may not recognize bladder signals, remember where the toilet is, communicate urgency clearly or manage clothing independently. They may resist intimate assistance because they do not understand what the caregiver is trying to do.
The answer should not automatically be permanent containment.
WHO identifies prompted voiding as one possible behavioral strategy for people with cognitive impairment. With caregiver support, the person is reminded or offered assistance to use the toilet at appropriate intervals rather than waiting for an episode of leakage.
The environment can also support continence. A clearly visible toilet, familiar route, simple clothing and consistent routines may preserve independence longer.
As dementia advances, full continence may no longer be a realistic outcome. The goal may then shift toward minimizing distress, providing timely assistance, protecting the skin and preserving dignity.
The outcome can change without lowering the standard of care.
Conservative and reversible contributors should be addressed rather than simply accepted as inevitable
WHO ICOPE includes several non-pharmacological interventions that may be appropriate depending on the person's type of incontinence, cognition and ability.
These include bladder training, maintaining appropriate fluid balance, reducing caffeine where relevant, treating constipation and addressing contributing health conditions. Pelvic floor muscle training is an important intervention for suitable women, particularly for stress and mixed urinary incontinence. Prompted voiding may be more appropriate when cognitive impairment limits independent toileting.
Implementation matters. Pelvic floor exercises performed incorrectly may achieve little. Bladder training requires understanding and persistence. A bladder diary may help identify patterns for some people but be impractical for someone with severe cognitive impairment.
Evidence in frail older adults also needs to be presented cautiously. A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis included 12 randomized trials involving 1,580 participants living with frailty. Conservative non-pharmacological interventions showed possible benefits, but pooled improvements in objective urinary incontinence and functional ability were not statistically significant, heterogeneity was substantial and the certainty of evidence was very low.
This does not mean conservative care has no place. It means that interventions should be individualized and their effects monitored rather than promised as universally effective.
Older women have several treatment options, but no single strategy is clearly best for everyone
A 2025 Cochrane network meta-analysis examined 43 randomized trials involving 8,506 women aged 60 years and older.
Physical therapies, particularly approaches based on pelvic floor muscle training, showed promising results for cure or improvement. Some pharmacological treatments also showed potential benefit. However, most comparisons were supported by low- or very-low-certainty evidence, and the review concluded that the available evidence was insufficient to determine one clearly superior overall treatment strategy.
That uncertainty matters in older-person care.
Older adults frequently live with multimorbidity, polypharmacy, frailty or cognitive impairment. A medicine that improves bladder symptoms may also contribute to other adverse effects depending on the specific medicine and individual.
Treatment decisions should therefore consider the person's entire medication burden, cognition, function, preferences and goals, not simply the bladder symptom in isolation.
Excessive fluid restriction can create a second problem
Some older people respond to urinary leakage by deliberately drinking very little. The reasoning is understandable: less fluid should mean less urine.
Excessive restriction, however, can contribute to dehydration and constipation, particularly in older adults whose thirst response may already be reduced.
WHO's continence pathway therefore emphasizes appropriate fluid balance rather than routine fluid restriction and suggests reducing caffeine when this is relevant to symptoms.
Fluid advice must also take the person's broader medical condition into account. Someone with heart failure or advanced kidney disease may already have individualized instructions regarding fluid intake.
Continence care should not solve one problem by creating another.
Medication review belongs inside continence assessment
Medicines can interact with continence in several ways. Diuretics can increase urine production. Other medicines may cause sedation, confusion or reduced mobility, making it harder to reach the toilet. Medicines contributing to constipation can indirectly worsen urinary symptoms.
WHO ICOPE therefore includes inappropriate medication among potentially modifiable contributors.
Medication review should ask not only whether each medicine has an indication, but also whether its dose, timing or combined effects may be worsening the continence problem.
This becomes particularly important after hospitalization, when medicines may have changed at the same time that mobility, cognition and functional reserve have declined.
Absorbent products are useful, but they are tools, not a care plan
Pads and absorbent briefs can be valuable. They may allow an older person to remain socially active, reduce anxiety about leakage and provide comfort when incontinence cannot be fully controlled.
The problem arises when containment becomes the entire care strategy.
The International Continence Society has identified the use of continence products as substitutes for appropriate toileting assistance as a serious dignity and quality concern. A person who could reach or use the toilet with help should not automatically be placed permanently in an absorbent brief because toileting takes longer. Someone whose leakage has recently worsened should not remain in containment indefinitely without assessment.
The better question is not “Does this person need an absorbent brief?”
It is “What combination of treatment, toileting support and containment best protects this person's function, comfort and dignity?”
Skin care is part of continence safety
Repeated skin exposure to urine—and particularly to urine combined with feces—can lead to incontinence-associated dermatitis.
This is an irritant contact dermatitis that can involve redness, maceration, erosions, pain and secondary infection. Older people can be particularly vulnerable because aging skin is more fragile.
A 2025 review focused on older adults emphasizes that prevention begins with managing the underlying incontinence where possible and limiting prolonged contact between the skin and urine or stool. Appropriate cleansing, timely changes of absorbent products, skin protection and monitoring also matter.
Skin injury should not simply be accepted as an unavoidable consequence of incontinence.
A good continence system therefore needs to know not only who experiences leakage, but also whether products are being changed appropriately, whether skin damage is developing and whether the care plan is actually reducing exposure and discomfort.
Urinary catheters should not become a convenience solution
Indwelling urinary catheters have legitimate clinical indications. Routine management of urinary incontinence simply because toileting is difficult is not one of them.
CDC infection-prevention guidance recommends avoiding indwelling urinary catheters in patients and nursing-home residents solely for management of incontinence and minimizing both catheter use and duration, particularly in older people. This is international clinical guidance rather than a Vietnamese legal requirement, but the patient-safety principle is highly relevant to older-person care.
Prolonged catheterization exposes people to complications, including catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
Continence care should therefore include catheter stewardship: use an indwelling catheter when there is an appropriate clinical indication and review whether that indication continues to exist.
Hospitalization can create continence problems as well as reveal them
An older person who is normally continent at home can become temporarily incontinent in hospital because of acute illness, delirium, weakness, unfamiliar surroundings, intravenous fluids, new medicines or dependence on staff to reach the toilet.
If that temporary change is treated as permanent loss of continence, avoidable dependency can follow.
Consider an older woman who usually walks to the toilet independently but becomes weak during pneumonia. In hospital she begins using an absorbent brief because reaching the bathroom requires assistance. If discharge planning records only “incontinent” without documenting that the problem began during acute illness and mobility loss, the containment strategy may follow her home even as her strength begins to recover.
A temporary care solution can then become a long-term identity.
Hospital continence care should therefore distinguish baseline continence, current continence, likely contributing factors and the actual level of toileting assistance required.
Continence information should travel across care transitions
Continence is often less visible in discharge communication than diagnoses and medicines, yet the receiving caregiver may need this information immediately.
Was the person continent before admission? Is leakage new or chronic? Can they recognize the need to void? Do they need prompting, supervision or physical assistance? Is constipation contributing? Did medicines change? What continence products are currently being used? Is there any skin damage?
If a person used the toilet independently before hospitalization but now requires assistance, that change should trigger a recovery plan rather than automatically becoming a permanent care classification.
Continence should therefore form part of the functional handover between hospital, transitional or rehabilitation care, home, community services and long-term care.
Home and community care need a pathway beyond basic toileting assistance
Decision 1976 creates a useful practical foundation for home and community care. It provides guidance on assisting an older person in the bathroom, at the bedside and with a portable commode and emphasizes explanation, agreement, safe positioning, hygiene and observation of urine and stool.
The next implementation challenge is linking this assistance to a simple assessment and referral pathway.
When a caregiver reports new urinary leakage, who asks whether the person has symptoms suggesting infection or retention? Who reviews constipation and medicines? Who notices that mobility or cognition has deteriorated? When should primary or commune-level health services assess the person? When should specialist input be considered?
WHO ICOPE provides one possible framework for these questions, but it should be adapted to Vietnamese service structures and workforce capacity rather than copied mechanically.
Long-term care is where continence quality becomes highly visible
Continence care is one of the clearest tests of long-term care quality because it happens repeatedly, every day, and often out of public view.
A facility can have excellent buildings and policies while still providing poor continence care if residents regularly wait too long for toilet assistance, are routinely placed in absorbent briefs unnecessarily or remain in wet products.
Good continence care requires organization and adequate caregiver capability as well as clinical knowledge. Staff need to know residents' usual toileting patterns, who needs prompting, who needs physical assistance, who remains independent and whose continence has recently changed.
Toileting routines also need to respect the person rather than only the institution's timetable. If an older person routinely needs to use the toilet at a particular time, care should respond to that need where reasonably possible rather than forcing the person to fit a convenient care round.
Quality often becomes visible in these small decisions.
Continence care is also caregiver care
Urinary incontinence can be exhausting for family caregivers. Nighttime toileting disrupts sleep. Laundry increases. Families may worry about falls, odors, hygiene and leaving the older person alone. Over time these pressures can influence whether care at home remains sustainable.
WHO's ICOPE pathway explicitly includes caregiver needs in continence assessment.
Families therefore need practical support: how to assist safely, when prompting may help, how continence products should be used and changed, how skin can be protected and which changes should prompt clinical review.
But support should not become an assumption that families can absorb unlimited care.
A high-quality system asks whether the arrangement remains sustainable for both the older person and the caregiver.
Continence quality should be measured through more than product use
If continence is treated as a quality issue, organizations need measures that reflect care rather than simply counting absorbent products.
Useful questions include whether older people are routinely asked about urinary leakage; whether newly identified problems receive assessment; whether potentially reversible contributors are addressed; whether individualized toileting support exists when needed; whether skin injury is developing; whether avoidable catheter use occurs; whether falls happen during toileting; and whether people feel their privacy and dignity are protected.
Outcomes can also include leakage frequency, ability to use the toilet independently, nighttime disruption, quality of life, skin condition and caregiver burden.
Complete continence is not the only acceptable outcome.
For one frail person, success may mean fewer episodes. For another it may mean being able to attend a family event without fear of embarrassment. For someone with advanced dementia, success may mean comfortable and timely assistance, healthy skin and minimal distress.
Quality measurement should reflect those differences.
A practical continence-quality framework for Viet Nam is possible
Viet Nam does not need to wait for a stand-alone national urinary incontinence guideline before strengthening continence care.
A practical framework could begin with sensitive case finding, so health and care workers ask appropriately rather than waiting for older people to disclose an embarrassing problem. Person-centered assessment can then clarify the pattern, severity and impact of leakage, identify potentially reversible contributors and recognize presentations that need further evaluation.
Functional assessment should examine whether mobility, cognition, dexterity, clothing or toilet access are contributing. Personalized intervention can include suitable behavioral strategies, pelvic floor muscle training where appropriate, constipation management, medication review, appropriate fluid and caffeine management, prompted voiding and treatment of relevant underlying conditions.
Environmental support should make toilets accessible and safe. Dignified containment and skin care should ensure that absorbent products support rather than replace toileting and assessment. Transition management should communicate baseline and current continence status, assistance needs and the care plan across settings.
Finally, measurement and learning should make it visible whether care is reducing distress, preserving function, supporting caregivers and protecting dignity.
These elements fit naturally within Viet Nam's emerging architecture for age-friendly, integrated and long-term care.
From managing leakage to supporting dignity and independence
For an older person, good continence care may mean sleeping through more of the night without rushing to the bathroom, going to a community activity without fear of embarrassment, reaching the toilet independently or knowing that help will arrive promptly when it is needed.
For a family caregiver, it may mean receiving practical guidance instead of improvising alone. For hospitals, it means recognizing when incontinence is new and potentially reversible rather than allowing temporary functional loss to become permanent dependency. For long-term care, it means understanding that an absorbent product is a tool, not a care plan.
As Viet Nam builds a more integrated system of care for older people, the question should therefore not simply be: “Is this person incontinent?”
A more meaningful question is: “Have we understood why continence has changed, addressed what can be improved, supported safe toileting and protected this person's dignity, function and quality of life across every care setting?”
That is the difference between managing urine leakage and providing high-quality continence care.
References
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